Central European Journal of Public Health - Nejnovější články
Výsledky 121 až 150 z 151:
Analysis of post-migration traumatic events influence on immigrants and their personality traits
İlknur Aydın Avci, Mehmet Korkmaz, Özge Öz Yıldırım, Ayşe Çal, Hakan Gülerce, Ali Timuçin Atayoğlu, Zekeriya Kökrek, Gökçe Ok, İsmail Acarkan
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):204-209 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7651 
Objectives: This study aims to analyse the way immigrants and their personality traits get affected by traumatic events in the post-migration process. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted through Google Forms with the involvement of 2,509 immigrants. A descriptive questionnaire, the "IFOMA Post-Migration Post-Traumatic Effect Scale" and the "GADOT Personality Types Determination Scale" were used to collect the research data. Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and related sample Friedman's two-way analysis tests were used in data analysis. Results: Immigrants were exposed to significant effects in all sub-dimensions of the Post-Migration...
Evaluating and comparing success rates for inpatient treatment of alcohol addiction in the Czech Republic
Tomáš Skorkovský, Jan Vevera, Milan Beniš, Michal Miovský, Petr Popov
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):198-203 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7905
Objectives: This systematic review seeks to present and compare data from studies evaluating the success of medium-term inpatient treatment of alcohol-dependent patients in the Czech Republic. Another aim was to identify the problems that make such comparisons difficult. No previous review comparing the efficiency of various therapeutic programmes has been published in the Czech Republic. Methods: Bibliographia medica Čechoslovaca and PubMed were used to find studies published in professional medical journals since 1970 evaluating the abstinence of patients who voluntarily completed medium-term inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence. Results: Medium-term...
Nutritional practices and experiences of people on vegan diet with healthcare system: a qualitative study
Varvara Borisova, Tereza Stöckelová, Anna Ouřadová, Jan Gojda
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):191-197 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7693
Objectives: The growing popularity of diets that restrict the consumption of animal-based foods is an important new challenge for the public healthcare system in Czechia. While the environmental and health-related benefits of plant-based diets are widely discussed in the media, people who follow these diets may lack professional support in terms of nutritional advice and even access to healthcare. The present study aims to map the nutritional practices and experiences with the healthcare system of people in Czechia who follow vegan diets. Methods: In a qualitative study we conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-one self-reported adult vegans...
Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal hand and wrist disorders in physiotherapists
Gabriela Škrečková, Pavol Nechvátal, Matúš Kozel, Michal Macej
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):178-183 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7767
Objectives: This study examines the prevalence of hand and wrist symptoms and diagnosed disorders in physiotherapists in Slovakia. The aim was to identify risk factors such as occupational settings type, number of patients treated per day and years of clinical practice, and to determine preferred methods of treatment. Method: The group of 107 physiotherapists (28 men and 79 women) participated in the study. All participants completed a questionnaire created for the purpose. It contained demographic data, years of clinical practice and the questions to determine the presence of various symptoms and injuries to the hand and wrist due to a long-lasting...
The COVID-19 frontiers – sink or swim
Anasuya Guha, Pavel Kraml, Martin Chovanec, Jakub Bala, Jan Plzák, Petr Schalek
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):171-177 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7549
Objectives: The objective of this study is to address issues faced by doctors working in the COVID-19 units during the second phase of COVID-19 in the Czech Republic, when the country registered the highest per capita rate of new COVID-19 cases in the world. Methods: A prospective study was designed using Google online questionnaire. Inclusion criteria were doctors from medical and surgical specialties working in COVID-19 units. The Czech Medical Association was approached in obtaining permission and helping us distribute the questionnaire with an introductory message with the aims of the study via email to the chairpersons of 18 medical and surgical...
Seroprevalence of emerging hepatitis E virus in patients with acute hepatitis between 2004 and 2018 in Csongrád County, Hungary
Noel Ánosi, Bence Kenyeres, Viktor Szentgyörgyi, Mária Mátyus, László Orosz, Tünde Bosnyákovits, Krisztián Bányai, Katalin Burián, György Lengyel
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):166-170 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7406
Objectives: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has recently become endemic in Europe, however, it is often a remnant neglected by clinicians as the causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis and is often misdiagnosed as a drug-induced liver injury. The infection rate in European pig farms is estimated to be around 15-20%, therefore, the primary source of HEV infections might be poorly prepared pork meat. As HEV infections may occur more often in clinical practice than previously thought, the present paper aims to analyse the seroprevalence of HEV in patients with acute hepatitis over a period of 14 years in Csongrád County, Hungary. Methods: The sera of 4,270...
Quality of rainwater and reclaimed water used in buildings and selection of appropriate indicators
Šárka Bobková, Dana Baudišová, František Kožíšek, Hana Jeligová, Petr Pumann
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):155-165 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7884
Objectives: The use of alternative water sources such as rainwater or greywater (i.e., wastewater excluding water from toilets) for non-potable purposes may save water but, on the other hand, can also pose health risks to users. The main health risks come from microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa). This work aims to analyse especially microbiological quality of rainwater and greywater used inside buildings in detail and to expand the existing knowledge about the potential health risks associated with these alternative water sources. It also considers methodological problems during E. coli and coliform bacteria detection. The...
Health belief model – male osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study
Sabriye Ercan, Tuba İnce Parpucu, Zeliha Başkurt, Ferdi Başkurt
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(3):184-190 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7789
Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the knowledge levels, beliefs, and self-efficacies of men regarding osteoporosis according to the health belief model. Methods: Men aged 55 years and older were included in the study. After the descriptive characteristics of the participants were recorded, the Male Osteoporosis Knowledge Quiz, Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, Osteoporosis Self-Efficacy Scale, and Osteoporosis Knowledge Test were administered to the participants face-to-face. Results: A total of 435 men with an average age of 67.3 ± 0.4 years participated in the study. When the participants were categorized according to age subgroups,...
Pediculosis humanus capitis in 6-7 years old schoolchildren in Valencia, Spain
María Morales-Suarez-Varela, Blanca E. Álvarez-Fernández, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales, M. Adela Valero
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):144-150 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7640
Objectives: Pediculosis humanus capitis is a worldwide public health concern that affects mostly school-aged children. The aim of this study is to determine the rate of pediculosis and to determine possible risk factors in a group of primary school children in Valencia, Spain; 227 children, 6-7 years old, were selected from 7 schools. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire completed by the parents/guardians about the presence of pediculosis in their children and their knowledge about pediculosis. The results recorded in the questionnaire were analysed by SPSS® software. Results: 30.4% of the children had pediculosis. The results showed significant...
Dietary habits and dietary nutrient intake in patients with age-related macular degeneration: A case-control study
Jana Šalková Kráľová, Petr Kolář, Zlata Kapounová, Petr Veselý, Zuzana Derflerová Brázdová
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):140-143 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7617
Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness among older adults in developed countries. Although many risk factors are known, the pathogenesis of AMD is still unclear. However, oxidative stress probably plays a vital role in the process of AMD. The increasing prevalence of AMD, risk of vision loss, limited treatment of dry form, expensive treatment of wet form, and decreased quality of life are factors that lead to considering modifiable risk factors of AMD, such as nutrition. This is the first study describing the relationship between dietary habits, dietary nutrient intake and AMD in the Czech...
Serum redox markers in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied with abnormal iron levels
Marija Angelovski, Marina Spirovska, Aleksandar Nikodinovski, Aleksandar Stamatoski, Dino Atanasov, Mitko Mladenov, Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):133-139 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7399
Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the serum redox status in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accompanied with an imbalance in iron concentrations. Methods: Diabetic patients were grouped according to serum iron levels [normal (DNFe), low (DLFe), and high (DHFe)], and their clinical and redox parameters [total sulfhydryl groups (tSH), uric acid (UA), and total bilirubin (tBILI) as non-enzymatic antioxidants, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation products of proteins (AOPP) as markers of oxidative stress] were determined. Results: Glucose and HbA1c levels in the T2DM patients did not differ in function of serum iron. T2DM was associated...
Burnout syndrome among nurses at a military medical academy in Serbia
Jovana Todorović, Dejan Nešić, Ivan Soldatović, Martin Popević, Zorica Terzić-Šupić
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):127-132 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6325
Objectives: Healthcare workers are the professional group at higher risk of burnout than others. It is the underlying reason for medical errors and the general decrease in quality of patient care and is related to poor patient-healthcare worker relationships. Healthcare workers who work with military personnel have specificities compared to healthcare workers who work only with civilians. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 171 nurses at the Military Medical Academy was conducted. The questionnaire consisted of items regarding socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle characteristics, workplace environment, workplace stress,...
Inequalities in premature mortality from ischaemic heart disease in the WHO European region
Noémi Németh, Imre Boncz, Annamária Pakai, Diána Elmer, Lilla Horváth, Róbert Pónusz, Tímea Csákvári, Zsuzsa Kívés, Iván Gábor Horváth, Dóra Endrei
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):120-126 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7287
Objectives: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of premature mortality. Our aim was to analyse standardised premature mortality rates from IHD by geographical groups in the age group 45-59 years. Methods: We performed a retrospective, quantitative analysis of age-standardized mortality rates from IHD between 1990-2014 per 100,000 population in Western European (WE: N = 17), Eastern European countries (EE: N = 10), and countries of the former Soviet Union (fSU: N = 15) within the European Region of the World Health Organisation (WHO) based on data retrieved from the WHO European Mortality Database. Descriptive statistics, time...
Assessment of health status and cardiovascular risk factors in a Roma population sample from South Bulgaria
Ginka Delcheva, Teodora Stankova, Katya Stefanova, Anelia Bivolarska
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):115-119 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7071
Objectives: Roma population is one of the major ethnic groups in the Central and Eastern Europe, having high rates of chronic diseases and associated risk factors related to their poor social conditions, unhealthy lifestyle and low educational level. The purpose of our study was to assess the health status of Roma from South Bulgaria by means of blood indicators and determine the prevalence of some cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in the Roma population sample. Methods: The study group consisted of 60 Roma (23 men and 37 women), mean age 53.7 ± 15.9 years, and the control group consisted of 68 non-Roma from the majority population (29 men and...
Detection of axillary lymphadenopathy after Covid-19 vaccination during breast examination: Case series and review of the literature after one year
Lucia Veverková, Beatrice Mohelníková-Duchoňová, Zuzana Sedláčková, Ľubica Löwová, Ivan Šišola
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):110-114 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7426
Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate accidental findings of axillary lymphadenopathy during breast examination. Postvaccination axillary lymphadenopathy is a possible cause of adenopathies but these findings used to be exceedingly rare. Nowadays, after Covid-19 vaccination it is found more often. Covid-19 vaccination started at the end of December 2020 with two types of vaccine, Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech in the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to present a single centre experience with Covid-19 lymphadenopathy during the general vaccination in the Czech population and summarization of recommendations. Methods: In January to...
Vaccine-hesitant families are more susceptible to verbal communication messaging
Vitalija Svist, Agne Maciuleviciene, Simona Naudziunaite, Sigita Petraitiene, Stefano del Torso, Zachi Grossman, Ginreta Magelinskiene, Arunas Valiulis
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):103-109 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7508
Objectives: Our survey aims to highlight parents' and healthcare workers' opinions and hesitations regarding children's vaccination, identify the main factors influencing these opinions, and assess the impact of hesitations on immunisation for children, included in the National Immunisation Programme in Lithuania. Methods: We used the questionnaire developed by the European Academy of Paediatrics Research in Ambulatory Settings Network (EAPRASnet). This questionnaire is designed to assess attitudes toward vaccination. The study involved parents raising children aged 1-4 years and primary healthcare providers (paediatricians, family doctors and nurses)....
Paediatric hospital visit with laboratory-confirmed influenza improved family members' influenza vaccination
Hussein Zaitoon, Sarah Cohen, Dana Lahoud, Isaac Srugo, Irina Chistyakov, Ellen Bamberger
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):97-102 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7468
Objectives: Vaccination is the primary intervention to prevent influenza infection, yet vaccine uptake remains low among children and other at-risk patients. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of a paediatric hospital visit with laboratory-confirmed influenza on the influenza vaccination behaviour of participants and their family members in the subsequent influenza season. Methods: This study compared the influenza vaccination coverage for participants < 18 years of age with a clinical suspicion of influenza in 2017-2018 during a hospital visit, in two subsequent influenza seasons. Data was retrieved from the hospital electronic medical...
Analysis of impact of nosocomial infections on cost of patient hospitalisation
Patricia Blatnik, Štefan Bojnec
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):90-96 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7631
Objectives: The scale of the economic problem of the occurrence of nosocomial infections and the resulting high additional costs of treatment can only be assessed using economic analyses. The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of a nosocomial infection in a patient in the treatment process and the direct costs of patient hospitalisation. The article contributes to a cost analysis, which is a relevant basis for adopting effective solutions and decisions on the introduction of new programmes and measures to reduce nosocomial infections and associated costs. Methods: In the first phase of the micro-economic analysis, we analysed the course of...
Smoking prevention that increases tax revenue: tobacco taxes in the Czech Republic 2004-2020
Kamila Zvolská, Hana Ross, Eva Králíková
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(2):83-89 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7507
Objectives: Increasing tobacco excise tax is one of the most effective smoking-prevention tools. The aim of the study is to assess the use of this tool in the Czech Republic (CR) by studying trends in cigarette taxes, prices, tax revenue, and the affordability of cigarettes in the CR. Methods: Data on cigarette consumption, their tax rates, price, and tax revenue in the CR for 2004-2020 come from multiple sources. We used the consumer price index to convert nominal values to real values. Given an average daily consumption of 12.7 cigarettes per smoker, the affordability of cigarettes was measured as a percentage of the average monthly wage needed to...
Toxicity testing of nonwovens used for production of respiratory protective equipment
Hana Kubátová, Petra Roupcová, Karel Klouda, Kateřina Bátrlová
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):74-80 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7429
Objectives: During the covid-19 pandemic, protective equipment such as respirators and masks were widely used to protect respiratory tract. This disposable protective equipment is usually made from plastic fibre-based nonwoven fabrics. If used masks and respirators are improperly discarded, they pollute the environment by becoming a source of micro and nanoplastics. The aim of the study was to find out how stable the materials of protective equipment are and how released nano and microplastics can affect aquatic and soil organisms. Materials: The input materials used to produce respirators and masks were tested for their thermal stability and resistance...
Worldwide distribution and clinical characteristics of mad honey poisoning cases
Abdülkadir Gunduz, Perihan Şimşek, Faik Ahmet Ayaz
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):69-73 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7501
Objectives: Mad honey poisoning is a common public health problem that can be seen in many parts of the world. In this study, the symptoms and clinical findings of mad honey poisoning cases and their distribution worldwide were investigated based on current data. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched. The demographic characteristics of the cases, clinical findings, amount of consumed honey, duration of hospitalization, and data of the region where mad honey was produced were recorded. Results: 900 cases were identified. The majority of poisoning cases (91.44%) were reported from mad honey produced in Turkey,...
Moisture damage and fungal contamination in buildings are a massive health threat - a surgeon's perspective
René Gordon Holzheimer
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):63-68 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7504
Objectives: Indoor air toxicity is of major public health concern due to the increase in humidity-induced indoor mould exposure and associated health changes. The objective is to present evidence for the causality of health threats and indoor mould exposure. Methods: PubMed search on the following keywords: dampness, mould, indoor air quality, public health, dampness, and mould hypersensitivity syndrome, sick building syndrome, and building-related illness as well as information from the health authorities of Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia, the Center of Disease Control (CDC), World Health Organisation (WHO), and guidelines of professional societies. Results:...
Human papillomavirus-specific antibody status among unvaccinated subjects in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia
Gordana Kovačević, Biljana Božić Nedeljković, Aleksandra Patić, Jelena Radovanov, Ivana Hrnjaković-Cvjetković
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):57-62 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7257
Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the immune status of young people from the Vojvodina province, Serbia, through the detection of IgG antibodies specific for the L1 protein of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 contained in quadrivalent vaccine. Methods: The study enrolled 514 healthy persons of both genders, aged between 18 and 30 years. All potential participants were informed about the project's aims by trained interviewers before venous blood collection. Also, participants completed a specially designed anonymous questionnaire to identify socio-demographic characteristics and individual behaviours associated with HPV seroprevalence. VPL...
Tobacco use in students of the Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in the Czech Republic
Tereza Kopřivová Herotová, Viktor Hynčica, Dagmar Schneidrová
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):50-56 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7595
Objectives: This study assessed trends in tobacco use in students of the Third Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in the Czech Republic between academic years 2012/13 and 2019/2020. Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys designed to obtain information on smoking history, smoking status, tobacco products use, and cessation were conducted among 382 students of the 6-year Master's Study Programme (General Medicine) and the 3-year Bachelor's Study Programme (Public Health) in 2012/2013; and among 580 students of General Medicine and of the Bachelor's Study Programmes (Public Health, Dental Hygiene and Nursing) in 2019/2020. Results: Regular/daily...
Assessing the impact of Hungary's public health product tax: an interrupted time series analysis
Tímea Csákvári, Diána Elmer, Noémi Németh, Márk Komáromy, Réka Mihály-Vajda, Imre Boncz
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):43-49 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7284
Objectives: Imposing taxes on unhealthy goods can generate income, raise people's health awareness, and eventually decrease the prevalence of chronic diseases. Our aim was to assess the impact of Hungary's public health product tax (PHPT) since its implementation in September 2011. Differences in purchasing habits between households with different income statuses were also compared. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive analysis of tax bases and income was carried out, and an interrupted time series analysis using the generalised least squares method was performed to examine the changes in trends regarding the purchase of taxable products before and...
Comparison of performance and anthropometric parameters in paediatric competitive athletes during COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic
Dalibor Pastucha, Ladislav Štěpánek, Michal Botek, Radka Filipčíková, Jana Zapletalová, Štěpán Hudec, Dagmar Horáková
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):38-42 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7484
Objectives: In 2020, measures against the spread of COVID-19 were adopted, including nationwide school closures, restrictions on the free movement of persons and leisure time sports activities. The aim was to assess the impact of COVID-19-associated restrictions on the performance of paediatric and adolescent competitive athletes by comparing basic anthropometric and performance parameters. Methods: The sample comprised 389 participants (115 girls, 274 boys). All participants were examined during regular preventive sports health checks from September to November 2019 and a year later. At the initial examination, the mean age of the entire sample was...
Sugar-sweetened beverages and childhood abnormal adiposity in the Czech Republic – narrative literature review
Monika Kunzová, Geraldo A. Maranhao Neto, Juan P. González-Rivas
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):30-37 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7479
Objectives: In Czech children, the burden related to the high body-mass index is rising. In the last three decades, Western eating patterns have influenced Czech children's diet, including the high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This narrative review aims to evaluate evidence of the trend of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Czech children and its impact on the prevalence of childhood abnormal adiposity. Methods: A comprehensive literature review in MEDLINE (PubMed) and a hand search using references in identified articles were performed. The inclusion criteria were population-based studies of randomly selected samples of children...
Evaluation of COLIA1 gene rs1107946 polymorphism in relation to bone mineral density and fracture risk in Slovak postmenopausal women
Iveta Boroňová, Matúš Mathia, Soňa Mačeková, Jarmila Bernasovská, Jana Gaľová
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):25-29 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7329
Objectives: The aim of the study was the evaluation of the rs1107946 polymorphism of the COLIA1 gene impact on bone mineral density and fracture risk in Slovak postmenopausal women. Methods: One hundred and twenty-seven postmenopausal Slovak women with a diagnosis of osteopenia/osteoporosis were genotyped for rs1107946 polymorphism of the COLIA1 gene. Clinical and anthropometric data were obtained. DNA isolation was performed using a standard protocol. Genetic analyses of the rs1107946 polymorphism of the COLIA1 gene were performed by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: The study confirmed a statistically significant relationship...
Examination of correlations between vitamin D and melatonin levels with sleep among women aged 18–49 years
Zehra İncedal Sonkaya, Burak Yazgan, Aslı Kurtgöz, Aslıhan Dilara Demir, Serap İncedal Irgat
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):19-24 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7324
Objectives: Although clinical research is still going on to determine any relationship between vitamin D and sleep regulation, only few studies have identified the role of vitamin D metabolism in sleep disorders. The current study aims to examine the incidence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the sample group and its effects on sleep quality and melatonin level. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed. A total of 79 women aged 18-49 years who applied to the research and training hospital between 1 October and 30 November 2021 participated in the study. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire prepared by the authors...
Evaluation of barriers to cervical cancer screening in Georgia
Gvantsa Guliashvili, Iamze Taboridze, Nana Mebonia, Tamar Alibegashvili, Nata Kazakhashvili, Paata Imnadze
Cent Eur J Public Health 2023, 31(1):9-18 | DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7621
Objectives: The Cervical Cancer (CC) Screening Programme in Georgia provides insufficient coverage of the target population. The aim of the study is to identify the barriers to cervical cancer screening for women in Georgia in order to plan and implement adequate measures to increase the screening effectiveness. Methods: The study is based on the results of a survey of 582 women aged 25-60 years (mean age 42.11 + 12.17). Respondents were selected in out-patient clinics. The questionnaire included questions related to the place of residence, ethnicity, religion, marital status, education, employment, cervical cancer awareness and screening, screening...